MEMÓRIA OU METAMEMÓRIA DAS ORIGENS?
Resumo
Argumento neste texto que uma conformação cognitiva do grupo nos leva a adotar um discurso mais metamemorial do que memorial quando nos referimos às nossas origens, e, sobretudo, quando as reivindicamos. Desenvolvo meus argumentos em três tempos. No primeiro analiso as possíveis causas da conformação cognitiva do grupo. Num segundo tempo, mostro que o conceito de origem é multidimensional filogeneticamente e culturalmente difuso. Disso resulta que a atribuição, reivindicação ou escolha de uma origem é arbitrária. No entanto, a conformação cognitiva do grupo nos leva a buscar origens próximas associadas a identidades contingentes ou imaginárias, ao invés de origens evolucionárias distantes que fundam nossa identidade imanente, favorecendo, portanto, o que é vago nessa noção. Em um terceiro tempo, depois de evocar três modalidades de compartilhamento de memória que não possuem o mesmo grau de plausibilidade - protomemória, memória e metamemória -, sustento que o privilégio concedido a origens associadas a identidades contingentes ou imaginárias induz mais a uma retórica frequentemente metamemorial do que um processo de memória real. Concluindo, observando a importância das metamemórias de origens em todas as sociedades humanas e sua propensão a excluir aqueles que são classificados como não compartilhando uma suposta origem, faço a pergunta sobre os meios que poderiam torná-las mais inclusivas.
Palavras-chave: Identidade imanente; identidades contingentes; metamemória; origens; conformação cognitiva grupal; vivo.
Referências
ABEL, M.; UMANATH, S.; FAIRFIELD, B. et al. Collective Memories across 11 Nations for World War II: Similarities and Differences Regarding the Most Important Events. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, v. 8 (2), pp.178-188, 2019.
ANDERSON, B. Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London, New York: Verso, 1983.
ANTONIO, M. L.; GAO, Z.; MOOTS, H. M. et al. Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean. Science, v. 366 (6466), pp. 708-714, 2019.
ARDELEAN, C. F., BECERRA-VALDIVIA, L.; PEDERSEN, M. W. et al. Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, v. 584 (7819), pp. 87-92, 2020.
ARONSON, J. D. Who Owns the Dead? The Science and Politics of Death at Ground Zero. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2016.
AYALA, F. J. Cloning humans? Biological, ethical, and social considerations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 112 (29), pp. 8879-8886, 2015.
BAR-ON, Y. M.; PHILLIPS, R.; MILO, R. The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences v. 115 (25), pp. 6506-6511, 2018.
BARTH, F. Balinese Worlds. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
BARTLETT, F. C. Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. London: Cambridge University Press, 1932.
BAVELAS, J. B.; COATES, L.; JOHNSON, T. Listeners as co-narrators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 79 (6), pp. 941-952, 2000.
BEHAR, D. M.; VILLEMS, R.; SOODYALL, H. et al. The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity. The American Journal of Human Genetics, v. 82(5), pp. 1130-1140, 2008.
BEIM, A. The cognitive aspects of collective memory. Symbolic Interaction, v. 30 (1), pp. 7-26, 2007.
BENDA, J. [1927]. La Trahison des clercs. Paris: Grasset, 1975.
BERGSON, H. Matière et mémoire. Paris: PUF, 1939.
BERNARD, G. Roma aeterna: l’Antiquité romaine et l’extrême droite française. Cahiers d’histoire. Revue d’histoire critique n.135, pp. 147-166, 2017.
BERNHARD, H; FISCHBACHER, U; FEHR, E. Parochial altruism in humans. Nature v. 442, pp. 912-915, 2006.
BERNTSEN, D.; RUBIN, D. C. Cultural life scripts structure recall from autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition 32(3), pp. 427-442, 2004.
BIRABEN, J-N. L’évolution du nombre des hommes. INED, Population & Sociétés, n. 394, octubre, 2003.
BOCQUET-APPEL, J-P. When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition. Science v. 333 (6042), pp. 560-561, 2011.
BOURDIEU, P. À propos de la famille comme catégorie réalisée. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales n.100, pp. 32-36, 1993.
BOURDIEU, P. Méditations pascaliennes. Paris: Seuil, 1997.
BOWLES, S. Group Competition, Reproductive Leveling, and the Evolution of Human Altruism. Science, v. 314 (5805), pp.1569-1572, 2006.
CANDAU, J.; HALLOY, A. Gestique, un état des lieux. Anthropologie & Sociétés v. 36, n.3, pp. 26, 2012.
CANDAU, J. Quête mémorielle et nouveaux marchés généalogiques in Barthélemy Tiphaine, Pingaud Marie-Claude (éds.). La généalogie entre science et passion. Paris: Éditions du C.T.H.S., 1997.
CANDAU, J. Conflits de mémoire: pertinence d’une métaphore? In: BONNET, Véronique (éd.), Conflits de mémoire. Paris: Éditions Khartala, 2004.
CANDAU, J. Memória e Identidade. São Paulo: Editora Contexto (traduction Maria Letícia Ferreira), 2011.
CANDAU, J. Pourquoi coopérer. Terrain 58, pp. 4-25, 2012.
CANDAU, J. The Theuth effect. What does culture do to our brains?, In: Ethnology, Ethnography and Cultural Anthropology, [Eds. Paolo Barbaro], In: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, 2016. [http://www.eolss.net].
CANDAU, J. Modalidades e critérios de uma memória compartilhada. In: KULEMEYER, J. A.; SALOMÃO DE CAMPOS, Y. D. El lado perverso del patrimonio cultural. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Cultura y Naturaleza Andina, Cuadernos CICNA n. 7, 1.ed. San Salvador de Jujuy: Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Jujuy – EDIUNJU, 2017.
CANDIA, C.; JARA-FIGUEROA, C.; RODRIGUEZ-SICKERT, C. et al. The universal decay of collective memory and attention. Nature Human Behaviour, v. 3 (1), pp. 82-91, 2019.
CHEN, J.; LEONG, Y.C; HONEY, C.J. et al. Shared memories reveal shared structure in neural activity across individuals. Nature Neuroscience, 20(1), pp. 115-125, 2017.
CHEN, L.; WOLF, A. B.; FU, W.; LI, L; AKEY, J. M. Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neanderthal Ancestry in African Individuals, Cell, v. 180 (4), pp. 677-687, E. 16, February 20, 2020.
CHOI J-K.; BOWLES, S. The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War. Science, v. 318 (5850), pp. 636-640, 2007.
DAWKINS, R. The Tyranny of the Discontinuous Mind. New Statesman, 19 décembre, 2011.
DE RUITER, J.; WESTON, G.; LYON, S. M. Dunbar's Number: Group Size and Brain Physiology in Humans Reexamined. American Anthropologist, v. 113, n.4, pp. 557-568, 2011.
DUNBAR, R. I. M. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution, v. 22 (6), pp. 469-493, 1992.
DUNBAR, R. I. M. Social cognition on the Internet: testing constraints on social network size. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 367(1599), pp. 2192-2201, 2012.
DUNBAR, R. I. M. The Social Brain: Psychological Underpinnings and Implications for the Structure of Organizations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, v. 23 (2), pp. 109-114, 2014.
DUNBAR, R. I. M. Do online social media cut through the constraints that limit the size of offline social networks? Royal Society Open Science, v. 3 (1), 150292, 2016.
DUPONT, F. Rome, la ville sans origine. L’Énéide: un grand récit du métissage? Paris: Gallimard, 2011.
FANDAKOVA, Y.; SELMECZY, D.; LECKEY, S.; GRIMM, K. J.; WENDELKEN, C.; BUNGE, S. A., GHETTI, S. Changes in ventromedial prefrontal and insular cortex support the development of metamemory from childhood into adolescence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 114 (29), pp. 7582-7587, 2017.
FOUREST, C. Génération offensée. De la police de la culture à la police de la pensée. Paris: Grasset, 2020.
GAGNEPAIN, P.; VALLÉE, T.; HEIDEN, S. et al. Collective memory shapes the organization of individual memories in the medial prefrontal cortex. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, p.189-200, 2019.
HAAK, W.; LAZARIDIS, I.; PATTERSON, N. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature, v. 522, pp. 207-211, 2015.
HALBWACHS, M. Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire. Paris: Albin Michel, 1925 & 1994.
HALBWACHS, M. La topographie légendaire des Évangiles en terre sainte. Paris: PUF, 1941 & 1971.
HARRIS, C. B.; PATERSON, H. M.; KEMP, R. I. Collaborative recall and collective memory: What happens when we remember together? Memory, v. 16 (3), pp. 213-230, 2008.
HEAM, T. Infravies. Le vivant sans frontières. Paris: Seuil, 2019.
HERSHKOVITZ, I.; WEBER, G. W.; QUAM, R. et al. The earliest modern humans outside Africa. Science, v. 359 (6374), pp. 456-459, 2018.
HIRST, W.; MANIER, D. Towards a psychology of collective memory. Memory, v. 16 (3), pp. 183-200, 2008.
HIRST, W.; YAMASHIRO, J. K.; COMAN, A. Collective Memory from a Psychological Perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, v. 22 (8), pp. 438-451, 2018.
HOLEN, S. R.; DEMERÉ, T. A.; FISHER, D. C. et al. A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA. Nature, v. 544, pp. 479-483, 2017.
HUBLIN, J-J.; BEN-NCER, A.; BAILEY, S. E. et al. New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature, v. 546, pp. 289-292, 2017.
JIN, K-S.; BAILLARGEON, R. Infants possess an abstract expectation of ingroup support. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences v. 114 (31), pp. 8199-8204, 2017.
JORDAN, I. K.; RISHISHWAR, L.; CONLEY, A. B. Native American admixture recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States. PLOS Genetics, v. 15(9), e1008225, 2019.
JOUAAE, M. Anthropologie du geste. Paris: Gallimard, 1974.
LA SCOLA, B.; AUDIC, S.; ROBERT, C. et al. A Giant Virus in Amoebae. Science, v. 299 (2033), 2003.
LAZARIDIS, I.; PATTERSON, N.; MITTNIK, A. et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature, v. 513, pp. 409-413, 2014.
LEGENDRE, M.; BARTOLI, J.; SHMAKOVA, L. et al. Thirty-thousand-year-old distant relative of giant icosahedral DNA viruses with a pandoravirus morphology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 111 (11), pp. 4274-4279, 2014.
LIPSON, M.; RIBOT, I.; MALLICK, S. et al. Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history. Nature, v. 577, pp. 665-670, 2020.
LUHMANN, C. C.; RAJARAM, S. Memory Transmission in Small Groups and Large Networks. Psychological Science 26(12), pp. 1909-1917, 2015.
MARKOWITZ, D. M.; SLOVIC, P. Social, psychological, and demographic characteristics of dehumanization toward immigrants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 117, issue 17, pp. 9260-9269, 2020.
MATHIESON, I.; SCALLY, A. What is ancestry? PLOS Genetics 16(3), e1008624, 2020.
MUXEL, A. Individu et mémoire familiale. Paris: Nathan, 1996.
NAGEL, T. What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review LXXXIII(4), pp. 435-450, 1974
NAKATSUKA, N.; LAZARIDIS, I.; BARBIERI, C. et al. A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes. Cell, 181 (5), pp. 1131-1145.e21, 2020.
NARASIMHAN, V. M.; PATTERSON, N.; MOORJANI, P. et al. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science, v. 365 (6457) eaat7487, 2019.
NIELSEN, R.; AKEY, J. M.; JAKOBSSON, M. et al. Tracing the peopling of the world through genomics. Nature, v. 541, pp. 302-310, 2017.
O’CONNOR, P. The unanchored past: Three modes of collective memory. Memory Studies, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698019894694.
OLALDE, I.; MALLICK, S.; PATTERSON, N. et al. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science v. 363 (6432), pp.1230-1234, 2019.
OLICK, J. K. Collective Memory: The Two Cultures. Sociological Theory, v. 17(3), pp. 333-348, 1999.
OUZOUNIS, C.; KYRPIDES, N. The emergence of major cellular processes in evolution. FEBS Letters, v. 390(2), pp. 119-123, 1996.
PHILIPPE, N.; LEGENDRE, M.; DOUTRE, G. et al. Pandoraviruses: Amoeba Viruses with Genomes Up to 2.5 Mb Reaching That of Parasitic Eukaryotes. Science, v. 341 (6143), pp. 281-286, 2013.
PRADELLES-MONOD, M-L. Sous la filiation: l'ancestralisation? Cliniques méditerranéennes 63(1), pp. 31-37, 2001.
PROUST, J.; FORTIER, M. (ed.). Metacognitive Diversity. An Interdisciplinary Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
QUINE, W. V. O. Le Mot et la Chose. Paris: Flammarion, 1977.
REESE, E.; FIVUSH, R. The development of collective remembering. Memory 16(3), pp. 201-212, 2008.
REICH, D.; PATTERSON, N.; CAMPBELL, D. et al. Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature, v. 488, pp. 370-374, 2012.
ROEDIGER, H. L.; DE SOTO, K. A. Forgetting the presidents. Science, v. 346 (6213), pp. 1106-1109, 2014.
ROEDIGER, H. L.; ABEL, M. Collective memory: a new arena of cognitive study. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, v. 19(7), pp. 359-361, 2015.
ROEDIGER, H. L.; ABEL, M.; UMANATH, S. et al. Competing national memories of World War II. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 116 (34), pp. 16678-16686, 2019.
ROMANO, A.; BALLIET, D.; YAMAGISHI, T.; LIU, J. H. Parochial trust and cooperation across 17 societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 114 (48), pp. 12702-12707, 2017.
SCERRI, E. M. L.; CHIKHI, L.; THOMAS, M. G. Beyond multiregional and simple out-of-Africa models of human evolution. Nature Ecology & Evolution, v. 3(10), pp. 1370-1372, 2019.
SMITH, A. D. The Nation: Invented, Imagined, Reconstructed? Millennium, v. 20(3), pp. 353-368, 1991.
SPERBER, D. (ed.). Metarepresentations. A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
SPIVACK, S.; PHILIBOTTE, S.J.; SPILKA, N.H. et al. Who remembers the Beatles? The collective memory for popular music. PLoS ONE 14(2): e0210066, 2019.
TARDE, G. Les lois de l’imitation. Paris: Kimé, 1993.
TASHIRO, T.; ISHIDA, A.; HORI, M. et al. Early trace of life from 3.95 Ga sedimentary rocks in Labrador, Canada. Nature, v. 549, pp. 516-518, 2017.
TING, F.; HE, Z.; BAILLARGEON, R. Toddlers and infants expect individuals to refrain from helping an ingroup victim’s aggressor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 116 (13), pp. 6025-6034, 2019.
VICO, G. La science nouvelle. 1725. Paris: Gallimard, 1993.
VILLMOARE, B.; KIMBEL, W. H.; SEYOUM, C. et al. Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia. Science, v. 347 (6228), pp.1352-1355, 2015.
WALL, J. D.; PRZEWORSKI, M. When Did the Human Population Size Start Increasing? Genetics, v. 155(4), pp. 1865-1874, 2000.
WATERS, M. R. Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans. Science, v. 365 (5447), eaat 5447, 2019.
WERTSCH, J. V. Narrative Tools，Truth，and Fast Thinking. In: National Memory: A Mnemonic Standoff between Russia and the West over Ukraine. In: MÄKITALO, Å.; LINELL, P.; SÄLJÖ, R. (éds.). Memory Practices and Learning: Interactional, Institutional, and Sociocultural Perspectives. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, 2016.
WERTSCH, J. V.; ROEDIGER, H. L. Collective memory: Conceptual foundations and theoretical approaches. Memory, 16(3), pp. 318-326, 2008.
WITTENBAUM, G. M.; HUBBEL, A. P.; ZUCKERMAN, C. Mutual enhancement: Toward an understanding of the collective preference for shared information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77(5), pp. 967-978, 1999.
WITTENBAUM, G. M.; PARK, E. S. The Collective Preference for Shared Information. Current Directions in Psychological Science, v. 10(2), pp. 70-73, 2001.
WOLFF, F. Plaidoyer pour l’universel. Paris: Fayard, 2019.
ZAHID, H. J.; ROBINSON, E.; KELLY, R. L. Agriculture, population growth, and statistical analysis of the radiocarbon record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 113 (4), pp. 931-935, 2016.
ZERUBAVEL, E. Social mindscapes: An invitation to cognitive sociology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
ZERUBAVEL, E. Time maps: Collective memory and the social shape of the past. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
ZUCKERBERG, D. Not All Dead White Men: Classics and Misogyny in the Digital Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15210/cdl.v0i37.19531
A Caderno de Letras integra a rede LATINOAMERICANA - Asociación de Revistas Literarias y Culturales
__________________________________________________________________
A Caderno de Letras está indexada nas seguintes bases:
