“A Cidadania Canadense é um Privilégio e Não um Direito”: Migração e Securitização na Terra Prometida
Resumo
A construção histórica e falaciosa do Canadá em torno do mito da “Terra Prometida” leva não só a um entendimento equivocado da maneira como o Governo canadense gerencia suas políticas migratórias, mas obscurece uma outra face não tão solidária dessas políticas e o consequente impacto que elas causam na vida dos migrantes, principalmente daqueles indocumentados. Portanto, este trabalho objetiva descrever, em linhas gerais, as características da imigração no Canadá e os aspectos que envolvem os processos de securitização da migração não-autorizada no país. O método de pesquisa utilizado fora o descritivo-analítico, com auxílio da revisão da literatura temática. O marco teórico utilizado para analisar o conceito de securitização partiu da Escola de Copenhague, e no contexto da securitização e criminalização das migrações irregulares lançamos mão dos postulados de Marinucci (2015), Gerard (2014), Bourbeau (2011) e Watson (2009). As principais conclusões foram que o Canadá - durante boa parte de sua trajetória histórica enquanto Estado - adotou políticas migratórias altamente seletivas: a imigração foi e continua sendo um meio para atingir os objetivos socioeconômicos do Estado canadense. Em adição, foi possível perceber que, após o estopim securitizador no pós-11 de setembro, diversos movimentos securitizadores ganharam espaço no jogo político canadense.
Palavras-chave
Texto completo:
PDFReferências
ARBEL, Efrat; BRENNER, Alletta. Bordering on Failure: Canada-U.S. Border Policy and the Politics of Refugee Exclusion. 2014. Harvard Immigration and Refugee Law Clinical Program, Harvard Law School. Disponível em: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2420854. Acesso em: 04 mar. 2019.
ATAK, Idil; HUDSON, Graham; NAKACHE, Delphine. The Securitisation of Canada’s Refugee System: Reviewing the Unintended Consequences of the 2012 Reform. Refugee Survey Quarterly, [S.l.], v. 37, n. 1, p.1-24, 17 jan. 2018.
BEACH, Charles M.; GREEN, Alan G.; WORSWICK, Christopher. Impacts of the Point System and Immigration Policy Levers on Skill Characteristics of Canadian Immigrants. Research in Labor Economics, [S.l.], v. 27, p. 349-401, 2008.
BETTS, Alexander; LOESCHER, Gil; MILNER, James. UNHCR: The Politics and Practice of Refugee Protection. Londres: Routledge, 2011.
BHABHA, Jacqueline. Child Migration & Human Rights in a Global Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
BICHARA, Jahyr-philippe. O TRATAMENTO DO APÁTRIDA NA NOVA LEI DE MIGRAÇÃO: ENTRE AVANÇOS E RETROCESSOS. Revista de Direito Internacional, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 2, p. 237-252, 31 out. 2017.
BOURBEAU, Philippe. The Securitization of Migration: A study of movement and order. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
BOYD, Monica; VICKERS, Michael. 100 years of immigration in Canada. Canadian Social Trends, [S.l], v. 11, p. 2-13, Autumn 2000.
BUZAN, Barry. Rethinking Security after the Cold War. Cooperation and Conflict, [S.l.], v. 32, n. 1, p. 5-28, mar. 1997.
BUZAN, Barry; WÆVER, Ole; WILDE, Jaap de. SECURITY: A New Framework for Analysis. 2. ed. Londres: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.
CANADÁ. Lei nº C-17, de 28 de junho de 2012. Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act: An Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, the Balanced Refugee Reform Act, the Marine Transportation Security Act and the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Act.
CANADÁ. Lei nº C-24, de 06 de fevereiro de 2014. Bill C-24: An Act to amend the Citizenship Act and to make consequential amendments to other Acts.
CANADÁ. Lei Ordinária S.C. 2001, c. 27, de 01 de novembro de 2001. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Ottawa.
CECCO, Leyland. Canada - man freed from indefinite immigration detention after six years. 2018. The Guardian (online). Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/03/cananda-ebrahim-toure-immigration-detention. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2019.
CLÉMENT, Dominique; SILVER, Will; TROTTIER, Daniel. The Evolution of Human Rights in Canada. Canadá: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2012.
COMPARATO, Fábio Konder. A afirmação histórica dos direitos humanos. 11. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2017.
CORNELISSE, Galina. Immigration Detention and Human Rights: Rethinking Territorial Sovereignty. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.
DAUVERGNE, Catherine. Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
DINAMARCO, Cândido Rangel. INSTITUIÇÕES DE DIREITO PROCESSUAL CIVIL. 5. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 2004.
DIRKS, Gerald E.. Immigration Policy in Canada. 2006. THE CANADIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA. Disponível em: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration-policy#. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2019.
DOGANAY, Mehmet; DEMIRASLAN, Hayati. Refugees of the Syrian Civil War: Impact on Reemerging Infections, Health Services, and Biosecurity in Turkey. Health Security, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 4, p. 220-225, ago. 2016.
DUARTE, Daniel Edler. SECURITIZAÇÃO E PRÁTICAS DE (IN)SEGURANÇA NA EUROPA: O CASO DA FRONTEX. 2012. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Relações Internacionais, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, 2012.
DUQUE, Marina Guedes. O papel de síntese da escola de Copenhague nos estudos de segurança internacional. Contexto Internacional, [S.l.], v. 31, n. 3, p. 459-501, dez. 2009.
FITZGERALD, David Scott; COOK-MARTÍN, David. Culling the Masses: The Democratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Americas. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.
GEIGER, Martin; PÉCOUD, Antoine (Ed.). The Politics of International Migration Management. Nova Iorque: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
GERARD, Alison. The Securitization of Migration and Refugee Women. Oxon: Routledge, 2014.
GLOBAL DETENTION PROJECT. Global Detention Project Annual Report 2017. 2018a. Disponível em: https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/global-detention-project-annual-report-2017. Acesso em: 20 set. 2018.
GLOBAL DETENTION PROJECT. Canada Immigration Detention. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/americas/canada. Acesso em: 12 maio 2019.
GLOBAL DETENTION PROJECT. HARM REDUCTION IN IMMIGRATION DETENTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DETENTION CENTRES IN FRANCE, GERMANY, NORWAY, SWEDEN, AND SWITZERLAND. 2018b. Disponível em: https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Harm-Reduction-in-Immigration-Detention-GDP-Norwegian-Red-Cross.pdf. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2019.
GRANT, Angus G. CONFRONTING (IN)SECURITY: FORGING LEGITIMATE APPROACHES TO SECURITY AND EXCLUSION IN MIGRATION LAW. 2016. Tese (Doutorado) - Curso de Direito, Universidade de Iorque, Toronto, 2016.
GREEN, Alan G.; GREEN, David A. Canadian Immigration Policy: The Effectiveness of the Point System and Other Instruments. The Canadian Journal of Economics, [S.l.], v. 28, n. 4, p. 1006-1041, nov. 1995.
GREEN, Alan G.; GREEN, David A.. The Economic Goals of Canada's Immigration Policy: Past and Present. Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, [S.l], v. 25, n. 4, p. 425-451, dez. 1999.
GROS, Hanna. Invisible Citizens: Canadian Children in Immigration Detention. 2017. International Human Rights Program, University of Toronto Faculty of Law. Disponível em: https://ihrp.law.utoronto.ca/sites/ihrp.law.utoronto.ca/files/PUBLICATIONS/Report-InvisibleCitizens.pdf. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2019.
GROS, Hanna; GROLL, Paloma van. “We Have No Rights”: Arbitrary imprisonment and cruel treatment of migrants with mental health issues in Canada. 2015. International Human Rights Program, University of Toronto Faculty of Law. Disponível em: https://ihrp.law.utoronto.ca/sites/ihrp.law.utoronto.ca/files/PUBLICATIONS/IHRP%20We%20Have%20No%20Rights%20Report%20web%20170615.pdf. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2019.
HIEBERT, Daniel. What’s So Special about Canada?: Understanding the Resilience of Immigration and Multiculturalism. 2016. Migration Policy Institute. Disponível em: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/whats-so-special-about-canada-understanding-resilience-immigration-and-multiculturalism. Acesso em: 02 jan. 2019.
HUNT, Lynn. Inventing Human Rights: A History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007.
IBRAHIM, Maggie. The Securitization of Migration: A Racial Discourse. International Migration, [S.l.], v. 43, n. 5, p. 163-187, dez. 2005.
KASSAM, Ashifa. Activists challenge 'unsafe' US-Canada pact that prompts refugees to flee by foot. 2017. The Guardian (online). Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/canada-us-refugees-safe-third-country-agreement-border-crossing. Acesso em: 04 mar. 2019.
KNOWLES, Valerie. STRANGERS AT OUR GATES: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2006. Canadá: Dundurn Press Toronto, 2007.
KOEVOETS, Rosalie Maria. Let the dust settle - Re-examining the influence of 9/11 on the securitization of EU migration policy. 2017. 50 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de International Studies, Universidade de Leiden, [S.l], 2017.
LEITE, Larissa. O DEVIDO PROCESSO LEGAL PARA O REFÚGIO NO BRASIL. 2014. Tese (Doutorado) - Curso de Direito, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2014.
LOWRY, Michelle. Creating Human Insecurity: The National Security Focus in Canada’s Immigration System. Canada's Journal on Refugees, [S.l], v. 21, n. 1, p.28-39, 2002.
MACKLIN, Audrey. Borderline Security. In: DANIELS, Ronald J.; MACKLEM, Patrick; ROACH, Kent. The Security of Freedom: Essays on Canada's Anti-Terrorism Bill. Canadá: University of Toronto Press, 2001. p. 383-404.
MACKLIN, Audrey. Citizenship Revocation, the Privilege to Have Rights and the Production of the Alien. Queen’s LJ, [S.l], v. 40, n. 1, p. 1-54, 2014.
MACKLIN, Audrey. DISAPPEARING REFUGEES: REFLECTIONS ON THE CANADA-U.S SAFE THIRD COUNTRY AGREEMENT. Columbia Human Rights Review, [S.l], v. 35, n. 365, p. 365-426, 2005.
MACKLIN, Audrey. From Settler Society to Warrior Nation and Back Again. In: MANN, Jatinder (Ed.). Citizenship in Transnational Perspective: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Cap. 15. p. 285-314.
MACKLIN, Audrey. The Value(s) of the Canada-US Safe Third Country Agreement. 2003. The Caledon Institute of Social Policy. Disponível em: https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=209124067117017125031070020084089006024032057016025011126065098100124023105095084102119124037063000027124017012120087122075050059095080020122094092015122018006031008066013089002077119104098123071124087006072117101089115108031026086119066100080099&EXT=pdf. Acesso em: 04 mar. 2019.
MALIK, Shahin. Framing a discipline. In: HOUGH, Peter et al (Ed.). International Security Studies: Theory and practice. Oxon: Routledge, 2015. p. 3-11.
MANGAT, J.S. THE REFUGEE BACKLOG CLEARENCE PROGRAM OF 1988 - A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF CANADA'S REFUGEE DETERMINATION SYSTEM. 1995. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Canadá, 1995.
MEDIANU, Stelian; SUTTER, Alina; ESSES, Victoria. The portrayal of refugees in Canadian newspapers: The impact of the arrival of Tamil refugees by sea in 2010. Idées D'Amériques, [S.l.], n. 6, p.1-14, 19 out. 2015.
MESQUITA, Gil Ferreira de. O devido processo legal em seu sentido material: Breves considerações. Revista de Informação Legislativa, Brasília-DF, v. 170, n. 43, p. 209-220, 2006.
NEYLON, A.. Ensuring Precariousness: The Status of Designated Foreign National under the Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act 2012. International Journal of Refugee Law, [S.l.], v. 27, n. 2, p.297-326, 1 jun. 2015.
NGUYEN, James M. The Securitization of Canadian Citizenship - Bill C-24 through Foucault's Biopolitics and Schmitt's Exception. 2015. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 05 mar. 2019.
NUNES, Sylvia da Silveira. Racismo contra negros: um estudo sobre o preconceito sutil. 2010. Tese (Doutorado) - Curso de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2010.
PALMER, Howard; DRIEDGER, Leo. Prejudice and Discrimination in Canada. 2015. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Disponível em: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/prejudice-and-discrimination. Acesso em: 15 fev. 2019.
PORTER, Catherine. In Canada, an Immigration Minister Who Himself Is a Refugee. 2017. The New York Times (online). Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/world/canada/ahmed-hussen-canada-immigration-minister.html. Acesso em: 02 jan. 2019.
PRISON STUDIES. World Prison Brief: Norway. 2018. Disponível em: http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/norway. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2019.
REBELLO, Luiz Felipe. Segurança e defesa regional: a inserção brasileira na sub-região andino amazônica. 2013. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Relações Internacionais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2013.
REESE, Renford. Canada: The Promised Land for U.S. Slaves. The Western Journal of Black Studies, [S.l], v. 35, n. 3, p. 208-217, 2011.
RICENTO, Thomas. Dis-Citizenship for Refugees in Canada: The Case of Fernando. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 3, p. 184-188, jul. 2013.
RIENDEAU, Roger. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA. 2. ed. Nova Iorque: Facts On File, 2007.
ROBICHAUD, Daphné. Syrian Refugees in Canada - A Security Issue?: A Qualitative Content Analysis of the Conservative Party Rhetoric. 2018. 83 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Globalization and International Development, Universidade de Ottawa, Ottawa, 2018.
SCHERF, Erick da Luz; GONZALEZ, Rodrigo Milindre. Sobre o papel da sociedade civil organizada na luta pelo reconhecimento das liberdades fundamentais durante os processos de negociação da paz: lições da guerra civil na Serra Leoa e do Acordo de Paz de Lomé. Conjuntura Global, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 2, p.170-188, 28 set. 2018.
SCHWARCZ, Lilia Moritz. Sobre o autoritarismo brasileiro. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2019.
SCOTTI, Monique. ‘We do not appreciate or welcome irregular migration’: Hussen. Global NEWS (online). 27 maio 2018. Disponível em: https://globalnews.ca/news/4231071/asylum-seekers-canada-ahmed-hussen-not-welcome/. Acesso em: 12 maio 2019.
SILVA, Joanna de Angelis Galdino. O DIREITO À NÃO DEVOLUÇÃO E O RECONHECIMENTO DO NON-REFOULEMENT COMO NORMA JUS COGENS. 2015. 176 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Direito, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2015.
SILVEIRA, Thiago Salles da. A GRANDE DEPRESSÃO E A POLÍTICA FISCAL ANTICÍCLICA NA TEORIA KEYNESIANA. 2017. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Economia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, 2017.
SIMMONS, Alan B.. Canadian Immigration Policy in the Early 1990s: A Commentary on Veugelers and Klassen's Analysis of the Breakdown in the Unemployment-Immigration Linkage. Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers Canadiens de Sociologie, [S.l.], v. 19, n. 4, p.525-534, Autumn 1994.
STEWART, John B. House of Commons. 2013. THE CANADIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA. Disponível em: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/house-of-commons. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2019.
TROPER, Harold. Canada's Immigration Policy since 1945. International Journal, [S.l.], v. 48, n. 2, p. 255-281, 1993.
VAN AERSCHOT, Paul; DAENZER, Patricia (Ed.). The Integration and Protection of Immigrants: Canadian and Scandinavian Critiques. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014.
VERBEETEN, David. The Past and Future of Immigration to Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de L'integration et de La Migration Internationale, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p.1-10, 25 out. 2007.
WATSON, Scott D. The Securitization of Humanitarian Migration: Digging moats and sinking boats. Oxon: Routledge, 2009.
WILSHER, Daniel. IMMIGRATION DETENTION: LAW, HISTORY, POLITICS. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
ZHANG, Haimin. Immigration and Crime: Evidence from Canada. 2014. Canadian Labour Market and Skills Researcher Network. Disponível em: http://www.clsrn.econ.ubc.ca/workingpapers/CLSRN%20Working%20Paper%20no.%20135%20-%20Zhang.pdf. Acesso em: 04 mar. 2019.
Apontamentos
- Não há apontamentos.
ISSN eletrônico: 1984-5677
ISSN impresso: 1519-0994